ScienceDaily (2010-05-30) -- Researchers have found that treating HIV-infected persons with antiretroviral therapy reduces HIV transmission to their sexual partners by more than 90 percent.
antiretroviral therapy (ART) 抗逆轉錄病毒藥物療法，降低HIV受染者傳染給其性伴侶。
內容有更多關於HIV的現今狀況的介紹。
Sunday, May 30, 2010
New explaination of how certain cancers develop
ScienceDaily (2010-05-27) -- Researchers have discovered a new interaction between a cell signaling system and a specific gene that may be the cause of B-cell lymphoma. The finding suggests a similar interaction could be occurring during the development of other types of cancer, leading to further understanding of how cancer works -- and how it might be stopped.
佛羅里達大學藥學院，Kato, 發現 BCL6(基因)，會產生B-cell lymphomas，在胚胎發育早期，可以抑制細胞間傳遞的通路 (Notch signaling)，導致先天疾病。
the Notch signaling pathway, which creates the equivalent of a molecular highway across a cell's membrane, is involved in many types of cell-to-cell interaction, including neuron development, stem cell differentiation and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Notch signaling pathway在細胞間，產生相等的分子高速公路，且涉及了細胞間的交互作用，包括了...
藉由研究BCL6及Notch signaling可以多方瞭解癌症生成的原因。
佛羅里達大學藥學院，Kato, 發現 BCL6(基因)，會產生B-cell lymphomas，在胚胎發育早期，可以抑制細胞間傳遞的通路 (Notch signaling)，導致先天疾病。
the Notch signaling pathway, which creates the equivalent of a molecular highway across a cell's membrane, is involved in many types of cell-to-cell interaction, including neuron development, stem cell differentiation and apoptosis (programmed cell death).
Notch signaling pathway在細胞間，產生相等的分子高速公路，且涉及了細胞間的交互作用，包括了...
藉由研究BCL6及Notch signaling可以多方瞭解癌症生成的原因。
New source of stem cells form heart muscle cells, repair damage
ScienceDaily (2010-05-30) -- A new and noncontroversial source of stem cells can form heart muscle cells and help repair heart damage, according to results of preliminary lab tests.
日本，以老鼠實驗，34-39%製造出的心肌OK.未處理的老鼠心肌則持續XX.老鼠heart attach後的處理仍有13-18%有效。處理後的老鼠仍有一個月的存活率。
human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal (undifferentiated) cells (hAMCs)
amniotic membrane 羊膜
日本，以老鼠實驗，34-39%製造出的心肌OK.未處理的老鼠心肌則持續XX.老鼠heart attach後的處理仍有13-18%有效。處理後的老鼠仍有一個月的存活率。
human amniotic membrane-derived mesenchymal (undifferentiated) cells (hAMCs)
amniotic membrane 羊膜
Surgery outperforms drug therapy in treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia, research finds
ScienceDaily (2010-05-29) -- A 17-year-long community study looking at symptoms of enlarged prostate in over 2,000 men age 40 to 79 years suggests that surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia offers more relief from incontinence and obstruction symptoms than treatment from drug-based therapy, according to a new study.
Overall, results show:結論：
* Urinary incontinence was a common condition, coexisting with BPH/lower urinary tract symptoms. (尿失禁是個普遍的現象，伴同前列腺肥大/低尿道炎症候群)
* In the community setting, patients with the highest symptom scores were most likely to receive surgical intervention.(在社群中，最高的發病症候者會有外科手術介入)
* Symptoms stabilized and did not get worse after treatment of all kinds. (徵狀在任何療法處理之後，會穩定下來且不再惡化)
* Patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) had the greatest decrease in both symptoms and incontinence compared to other treatment groups. Pre-TURP the incontinence rate was 64.5 percent and post-TURP it was 41.9 percent.(病人經尿道前列腺切除術，比起其他的療法，其徵狀及漏尿情形，以TURP具最大的降幅。TURP手術前，漏尿率64.5%，之後只有41.9%)
Results showed that of the 2,184 men:
1,574 (72%) received no treatment for BPH symptoms.
307 (14%) took alpha adrenergic receptor blockers (α-ARs).
195 (9%) took the medication 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (ARIs).
23 (1%) received surgical laser vaporization.
85 (4%) received surgical transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
Overall, results show:結論：
* Urinary incontinence was a common condition, coexisting with BPH/lower urinary tract symptoms. (尿失禁是個普遍的現象，伴同前列腺肥大/低尿道炎症候群)
* In the community setting, patients with the highest symptom scores were most likely to receive surgical intervention.(在社群中，最高的發病症候者會有外科手術介入)
* Symptoms stabilized and did not get worse after treatment of all kinds. (徵狀在任何療法處理之後，會穩定下來且不再惡化)
* Patients who underwent transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) had the greatest decrease in both symptoms and incontinence compared to other treatment groups. Pre-TURP the incontinence rate was 64.5 percent and post-TURP it was 41.9 percent.(病人經尿道前列腺切除術，比起其他的療法，其徵狀及漏尿情形，以TURP具最大的降幅。TURP手術前，漏尿率64.5%，之後只有41.9%)
Results showed that of the 2,184 men:
1,574 (72%) received no treatment for BPH symptoms.
307 (14%) took alpha adrenergic receptor blockers (α-ARs).
195 (9%) took the medication 5-alpha-reductase inhibitors (ARIs).
23 (1%) received surgical laser vaporization.
85 (4%) received surgical transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).
Consumers: Why do you like what I like, but I don't like what you like?
ScienceDaily (2010-05-30) -- When we like a product, do we think others will like it, too? And when we believe others like a product, do we like it as well? A new study says these two questions are fundamentally different.
文中有二個名詞概念：
projection & introjection：
前者是，我若有相當的喜好度，那麼別人會喜歡嗎？
後者則是，若別人喜歡，那麼我會喜歡嗎？
這則報告結論：
"If we learn others' preferences before forming our own, we tend to preserve our uniqueness by altering our product preferences accordingly," the authors write. "If, however, we already have an opinion about a product, we are okay with others following us."
如果我們在個別喜好形成之前，得知別人喜好的理由，對於產品的喜好，我們會傾向持保留對產品獨特看法的態度(改變我們對產品的喜好度)；
但是我們對產品若已有既定的想法，讓別人跟隨無妨(不會改變我們的喜好度)。
文中有二個名詞概念：
projection & introjection：
前者是，我若有相當的喜好度，那麼別人會喜歡嗎？
後者則是，若別人喜歡，那麼我會喜歡嗎？
這則報告結論：
"If we learn others' preferences before forming our own, we tend to preserve our uniqueness by altering our product preferences accordingly," the authors write. "If, however, we already have an opinion about a product, we are okay with others following us."
如果我們在個別喜好形成之前，得知別人喜好的理由，對於產品的喜好，我們會傾向持保留對產品獨特看法的態度(改變我們對產品的喜好度)；
但是我們對產品若已有既定的想法，讓別人跟隨無妨(不會改變我們的喜好度)。
Buyer beware: Consumers in conflict may become victims to unwanted influence
ScienceDaily (2010-05-30) -- When products don't easily fit into our goals, we experience conflict. According to a new study, conflicted consumers are easily swayed by unwanted influences.
這篇文章提到的主軸：
作者著眼在行動的動機(motivation to act)，特別是 "regulatory goals" 這個"目的"之一類。
consumers become conflicted and are more likely to rely on the context of the decision to make their choice, instead of focusing on the value they might extract from the products themselves.
當二種商品矛盾時，消費者選擇時乃倚靠其發生的前後因果，而非物品本身所提供的價值。
這篇文章提到的主軸：
作者著眼在行動的動機(motivation to act)，特別是 "regulatory goals" 這個"目的"之一類。
consumers become conflicted and are more likely to rely on the context of the decision to make their choice, instead of focusing on the value they might extract from the products themselves.
當二種商品矛盾時，消費者選擇時乃倚靠其發生的前後因果，而非物品本身所提供的價值。
Saturday, May 29, 2010
Snails on methamphetamine: Memories formed by snails under influence of meth are harder to forget
每日科學（2010年5月27日） - 晶體冰毒？（甲基苯丙胺）是一種高度上癮的藥物，從而提高記憶體，但一旦上癮，吸毒成癮的習慣很難打破。一名研究人員想知道她是否能夠更多地了解冰毒的影響，通過研究它的作用池塘蝸牛的回憶。她發現，記憶形成的蝸牛甲基苯異丙胺的影響下，更難忘記，可以幫助我們了解人類的成癮機制。
《原件》
ScienceDaily (2010-05-27) -- Crystal meth (methamphetamine) is a highly addictive drug, which improves memory, but once hooked, addicts find the habit hard to break. One researcher wondered whether she could learn more about the effects of meth by studying the effect it has pond snail's memories. She found that memories formed by snails under the influence of meth are harder to forget and could help us understand human addiction.
《原件》
ScienceDaily (2010-05-27) -- Crystal meth (methamphetamine) is a highly addictive drug, which improves memory, but once hooked, addicts find the habit hard to break. One researcher wondered whether she could learn more about the effects of meth by studying the effect it has pond snail's memories. She found that memories formed by snails under the influence of meth are harder to forget and could help us understand human addiction.
Monday, May 24, 2010
New analysis reveals clearer picture of brain’s language areas
新研究現大腦語言區的圖像。
每日科學（2010年5月23日） - 語言是一個使我們人類之所以為人類的決定性要素。雖然有些大腦裡的區域已知與語言相關聯，但長久以來，即便使用大腦成像技術，神經科學家們仍難以清楚的瞭解這些語言區的實際運作。著有一個令人驚訝的困難時使用的，準確地了解這些'語言區'的做法。在一個新的研究發表在神經生理學雜誌，麻省理工學院神經科學家報告了一種新方法來分析大腦成像數據，可能更清楚的描繪出我們的大腦如何產生和理解的語言。
《原件：》
Journal Reference:
E. Fedorenko, P. J. Hsieh, A. Nieto Castanon, S. Whitfield-Gabrieli, N. Kanwisher. A new method for fMRI investigations of language: Defining ROIs functionally in individual subjects. Journal of Neurophysiology, 2010; DOI: 10.1152/jn.00032.2010
每日科學（2010年5月23日） - 語言是一個使我們人類之所以為人類的決定性要素。雖然有些大腦裡的區域已知與語言相關聯，但長久以來，即便使用大腦成像技術，神經科學家們仍難以清楚的瞭解這些語言區的實際運作。著有一個令人驚訝的困難時使用的，準確地了解這些'語言區'的做法。在一個新的研究發表在神經生理學雜誌，麻省理工學院神經科學家報告了一種新方法來分析大腦成像數據，可能更清楚的描繪出我們的大腦如何產生和理解的語言。
《原件：》
New analysis reveals clearer picture of brain’s language areas
ScienceDaily (2010-05-23) -- Language is a defining aspect of what makes us human. Although some brain regions are known to be associated with language, neuroscientists have had a surprisingly difficult time using brain imaging technology to understand exactly what these 'language areas' are doing. Neuroscientists now report on a new method to analyze brain imaging data -- one that may paint a clearer picture of how our brain produces and understands language. ... > read full article
Journal Reference:
E. Fedorenko, P. J. Hsieh, A. Nieto Castanon, S. Whitfield-Gabrieli, N. Kanwisher. A new method for fMRI investigations of language: Defining ROIs functionally in individual subjects. Journal of Neurophysiology, 2010; DOI: 10.1152/jn.00032.2010
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